Added VulkanHandle

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Compiled shader output #
+*.spv

.idea/dictionaries/project.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<component name="ProjectDictionaryState">
+  <dictionary name="project">
+    <words>
+      <w>spirv</w>
+    </words>
+  </dictionary>
+</component>

.idea/editor.xml

@@ -132,8 +132,8 @@
     <option name="/Default/CodeInspection/Highlighting/InspectionSeverities/=CppNoDiscardExpression/@EntryIndexedValue" value="WARNING" type="string" />
     <option name="/Default/CodeInspection/Highlighting/InspectionSeverities/=CppNodiscardFunctionWithoutReturnValue/@EntryIndexedValue" value="WARNING" type="string" />
     <option name="/Default/CodeInspection/Highlighting/InspectionSeverities/=CppNonExceptionSafeResourceAcquisition/@EntryIndexedValue" value="HINT" type="string" />
-    <option name="/Default/CodeInspection/Highlighting/InspectionSeverities/=CppNonExplicitConversionOperator/@EntryIndexedValue" value="HINT" type="string" />
-    <option name="/Default/CodeInspection/Highlighting/InspectionSeverities/=CppNonExplicitConvertingConstructor/@EntryIndexedValue" value="HINT" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeInspection/Highlighting/InspectionSeverities/=CppNonExplicitConversionOperator/@EntryIndexedValue" value="DO_NOT_SHOW" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeInspection/Highlighting/InspectionSeverities/=CppNonExplicitConvertingConstructor/@EntryIndexedValue" value="DO_NOT_SHOW" type="string" />
     <option name="/Default/CodeInspection/Highlighting/InspectionSeverities/=CppNonInlineFunctionDefinitionInHeaderFile/@EntryIndexedValue" value="WARNING" type="string" />
     <option name="/Default/CodeInspection/Highlighting/InspectionSeverities/=CppNonInlineVariableDefinitionInHeaderFile/@EntryIndexedValue" value="WARNING" type="string" />
     <option name="/Default/CodeInspection/Highlighting/InspectionSeverities/=CppNotAllPathsReturnValue/@EntryIndexedValue" value="WARNING" type="string" />
@@ -253,5 +253,23 @@
     <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/CodeFormatting/CppCodeStyle/OverridingFunctionStyle/@EntryValue" value="VirtualAndOverride" type="string" />
     <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/CodeFormatting/CppCodeStyle/UseAutoCommonCase/@EntryValue" value="Never" type="string" />
     <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/CppIncludeDirective/SortIncludeDirectives/@EntryValue" value="true" type="bool" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=0AFB7787612DF743B09AD9412E48D4CC/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;7&quot; Title=&quot;Local variables&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;local variable&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;aaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=0B82708A1BA7774EB13D27F245698A56/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;1&quot; Title=&quot;Classes and structs&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;__interface&quot; /&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;class&quot; /&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;struct&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=1350D079A82E0740947E85445B5AF47C/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;6&quot; Title=&quot;Parameters&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;function parameter&quot; /&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;lambda parameter&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;aaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=1CBDD658AEE8EA4382EE1F914B5B3314/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;18&quot; Title=&quot;Namespaces&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;namespace&quot; /&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;namespace alias&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=2229A2BE1AA9214483A51F028530E042/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;4&quot; Title=&quot;Unions&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;union&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=2B232F1067F0324F8FF4B9D63ACECDB2/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;16&quot; Title=&quot;Other constants&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;True&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;True&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;class field&quot; /&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;local variable&quot; /&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;struct field&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AA_BB&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=4203BE6F332C5149B409B4D5F7197E54/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;15&quot; Title=&quot;Enumerators&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;scoped enumerator&quot; /&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;unscoped enumerator&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AA_BB&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=5653BA7B6222F349B94149A2A53C35B8/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;14&quot; Title=&quot;Union members&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;union member&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;m_&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=72514D5DF422D442B71A277F97B72887/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;8&quot; Title=&quot;Global variables&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;global variable&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AA_BB&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=821F3C5CF47D5640AD3511BCBADE17C4/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;9&quot; Title=&quot;Lambdas&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;lambda&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;aaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=8F69F48E2532F54CBAA0039D4557825E/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;10&quot; Title=&quot;Global functions&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;global function&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=A42D627FA43B054F91D1E1C4281D8896/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;2&quot; Title=&quot;Concepts&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;concept&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=A4FAA2257682A94F8C2C93E123FAFC7A/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;19&quot; Title=&quot;Typedefs&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;type alias&quot; /&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;typedef&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=A7EBF16DA3BDCB42A0B710704BC8A053/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;3&quot; Title=&quot;Enums&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;enum&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=B6E900853D6D05429D8C57765B2E546A/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;11&quot; Title=&quot;Class and struct methods&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;member function&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=B82A063F0DDD98498A70D8D7EBB97F8D/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;12&quot; Title=&quot;Class and struct fields&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;class field&quot; /&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;struct field&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;m_&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=BBE8AA08E662BF409B2CB08EC597C493/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;13&quot; Title=&quot;Class and struct public fields&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;PUBLIC&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;class field&quot; /&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;struct field&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;m_&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AaBb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
+    <option name="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CppNamingOptions/Rules/=BF0D1AE66D64FE4FAF613448A12051A0/@EntryIndexedValue" value="&lt;NamingElement Priority=&quot;17&quot; Title=&quot;Global constants&quot;&gt;&lt;Descriptor Static=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Constexpr=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Const=&quot;True&quot; Volatile=&quot;Indeterminate&quot; Accessibility=&quot;NOT_APPLICABLE&quot;&gt;&lt;type Name=&quot;global variable&quot; /&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect=&quot;True&quot; WarnAboutPrefixesAndSuffixes=&quot;False&quot; Prefix=&quot;&quot; Suffix=&quot;&quot; Style=&quot;AA_BB&quot; /&gt;&lt;/NamingElement&gt;" type="string" />
   </component>
 </project>

.idea/inspectionProfiles/Project_Default.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<component name="InspectionProjectProfileManager">
+  <profile version="1.0">
+    <option name="myName" value="Project Default" />
+    <inspection_tool class="CppNonExplicitConversionOperator" enabled="false" level="HINT" enabled_by_default="false" />
+    <inspection_tool class="CppNonExplicitConvertingConstructor" enabled="false" level="HINT" enabled_by_default="false" />
+  </profile>
+</component>

.idea/vcs.xml

@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
   <component name="VcsDirectoryMappings">
     <mapping directory="$PROJECT_DIR$" vcs="Git" />
     <mapping directory="$PROJECT_DIR$/cmake-build-debug/_deps/glfw-src" vcs="Git" />
+    <mapping directory="$PROJECT_DIR$/cmake-build-release/_deps/glfw-src" vcs="Git" />
   </component>
 </project>

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -27,18 +27,45 @@ FetchContent_Declare(
 
 FetchContent_MakeAvailable(glfw)
 
+# Compiles the shaders #
+set(SHADER_DIR "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/shaders")
+file(GLOB SHADERS
+    "${SHADER_DIR}/*.frag"
+    "${SHADER_DIR}/*.vert"
+)
+
+foreach (SHADER ${SHADERS})
+    get_filename_component(FILENAME_WE ${SHADER} NAME_WE)
+    set(SPIRV_FILE "${SHADER_DIR}/${FILENAME_WE}.spv")
+
+    add_custom_command(
+        OUTPUT ${SPIRV_FILE}
+        COMMAND ${Vulkan_GLSLANG_VALIDATOR_EXECUTABLE} -V ${SHADER} -o ${SPIRV_FILE}
+        DEPENDS ${SHADER}
+        COMMENT "Compiling shader ${FILENAME}"
+    )
+
+    list(APPEND SPIRV_BINARY_FILES ${SPIRV_FILE})
+endforeach()
+
+add_custom_target(CompileShaders ALL DEPENDS ${SPIRV_BINARY_FILES})
+
 # Creates the output binary
 project(VulkanRenderer LANGUAGES CXX)
 add_executable(VulkanRenderer
-        main.cpp
+        src/main.cpp
         src/managers/GLFWManager.h
         src/managers/GLFWManager.cpp
         src/managers/vulkan/VulkanManagerInit.cpp
         src/managers/vulkan/VulkanManagerRender.cpp
         src/managers/vulkan/VulkanManager.h
         src/VulkanRenderer.h
+        src/RendererTypes.h
+        src/Mesh.h
 )
 
+add_dependencies(VulkanRenderer CompileShaders)
+
 target_precompile_headers(VulkanRenderer PRIVATE src/VulkanRenderer.h)
 
 # Links the libraries to the binary #

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Vulkan Renderer
+
+This project is a small Vulkan renderer written in C++ (and GLSL) with CMake as the build process.
+It currently can render basic triangles in 2D space with a given colour.
+
+### Build
+
+```
+mkdir build
+cd build
+cmake ..
+cmake --build .
+```
+
+This will work on most operating systems and compile all C++ and GLSL code to their required binary formats.
+Then all you will need to do is run the outputted binary to see the example scene.
+
+### Planed Features
+
+- Texture Support
+- 3D space
+- Free camera
+- Mesh (.obj) loading

main.cpp

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-#include "src/VulkanRenderer.h"
-
-#include "src/managers/GLFWManager.h"
-#include "src/managers/vulkan/VulkanManager.h"
-
-namespace PB::Renderer
-{
-    void CleanupAllAndExit(const int code)
-    {
-        if (!GLFWManager::Cleanup())
-            std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-
-        if (!VulkanManager::Cleanup())
-            std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-
-        std::exit(code);
-    }
-}
-
-int main()
-{
-    using namespace PB::Renderer; // Project namespace
-
-    /* Initializes GLFW and creates a window */
-    GLFWwindow* window = GLFWManager::Init(800, 600, "Vulkan window");
-    if (!window)
-        return -1;
-
-    /* Runs Vulkan initialisation functions */
-    if (!VulkanManager::Init(window))
-        CleanupAllAndExit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-
-    /* Polls window events whilst it is still open */
-    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
-    {
-        glfwPollEvents();
-        GLFWManager::UpdateWindowTitleFPSInfo();
-
-        if (!VulkanManager::RenderPass(window))
-            CleanupAllAndExit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-    /* Cleans up GLFW and Vulkan */
-    CleanupAllAndExit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
-}

shaders/frag.frag

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 #version 450
 layout(location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
 
+layout(push_constant) uniform PC {
+    vec4 color;
+} pc;
+
 void main()
 {
-    outColor = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); // red
+    outColor = pc.color;
 }

shaders/vert.vert

@@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
 #version 450
 
-vec2 positions[3] = vec2[]
-(
-    vec2(0.0, -0.5),
-    vec2(0.5, 0.5),
-    vec2(-0.5, 0.5)
-);
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 inPosition;
 
 void main()
 {
-    gl_Position = vec4(positions[gl_VertexIndex], 0.0, 1.0);
+    gl_Position = vec4(inPosition, 0.0, 1.0);
 }

src/Mesh.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace PB::Renderer
+{
+    struct Mesh
+    {
+        std::vector<float> vertices;
+        std::vector<int> indices;
+    };
+}

src/RendererTypes.h

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace PB::Renderer
+{
+    struct Color
+    {
+        float r = 0.0f, g = 0.0f, b = 0.0f, a = 0.0f;
+    };
+
+    namespace Colors
+    {
+        constexpr Color white = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
+        constexpr Color red = {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
+        constexpr Color green = {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
+        constexpr Color blue = {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
+        constexpr Color yellow = {1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
+        constexpr Color cyan = {0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
+        constexpr Color magenta = {1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
+    }
+
+    class VulkanHandle
+    {
+        public:
+            VulkanHandle(void* _handle) : handle(_handle) {}
+
+            template<typename Ty> operator Ty() { return static_cast<Ty>(handle); }
+            void* get() const { return handle; }
+
+        private:
+            void* handle = nullptr;
+    };
+}

src/VulkanRenderer.h

@@ -1,5 +1,25 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define PB_DEBUG
+namespace PB::Renderer
+{
+    constexpr bool DEBUG_MODE = true;
+    constexpr const char* MODE_NAME = "DEBUG";
+}
+#else
+#define PB_RELEASE
+namespace PB::Renderer
+{
+    constexpr bool DEBUG_MODE = false;
+    constexpr const char* MODE_NAME = "RELEASE";
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Includes general project .h files */
+
+#include "RendererTypes.h"
+
 /* Includes dependencies */
 
 #include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
@@ -9,9 +29,10 @@
 
 /* Commonly used C++ STD files */
 
+#include <cstring>
 #include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <optional>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <vector>
 #include <set>
+#include <vector>

src/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#include "Mesh.h"
+#include "VulkanRenderer.h"
+
+#include "managers/GLFWManager.h"
+#include "managers/vulkan/VulkanManager.h"
+
+namespace PB::Renderer
+{
+    void CleanupAllAndExit(const int code)
+    {
+        if (!GLFWManager::Cleanup())
+            std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+        if (!VulkanManager::Cleanup())
+            std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+        std::exit(code);
+    }
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    using namespace PB::Renderer; // Project namespace
+
+    /* Initializes GLFW and creates a window */
+    GLFWwindow* window = GLFWManager::Init(800, 600, "Vulkan window");
+    if (window == nullptr)
+        return -1;
+
+    /* Runs Vulkan initialisation functions */
+    if (!VulkanManager::Init(window))
+        CleanupAllAndExit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+    /* Adds runtime objects */
+    {
+        VulkanManager::CreateNewRenderObject
+        (
+            Colors::red, Mesh
+            {
+                .vertices =
+                {
+                     0.0f, -0.5f,
+                     0.5f,  0.9f,
+                    -0.5f,  0.5f
+                },
+
+                .indices = { 0, 1, 2 }
+            }
+        );
+
+        VulkanManager::CreateNewRenderObject
+        (
+            Colors::yellow, Mesh
+            {
+                .vertices =
+                {
+                    -0.9f,  0.0f,
+                    -0.9f, -0.9f,
+                     0.0f, -0.9f
+                },
+
+                .indices = { 0, 1, 2 }
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    /* Polls window events whilst it is still open */
+    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
+    {
+        glfwPollEvents();
+        GLFWManager::UpdateWindowTitleFPSInfo();
+
+        if (VulkanManager::RenderPass(window) == false)
+            CleanupAllAndExit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+    /* Cleans up GLFW and Vulkan */
+    CleanupAllAndExit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}

src/managers/vulkan/VulkanManager.h

@@ -4,9 +4,13 @@
 
 namespace PB::Renderer
 {
+    struct Mesh;
+
     class VulkanManager
     {
         public:
+            // === Public functions === //
+
             /* Static class so (de)constructors have been deleted to stop accidental creation */
             VulkanManager() = delete;
             ~VulkanManager() = delete;
@@ -88,9 +92,24 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
              */
             static bool RenderPass(GLFWwindow* window);
 
+            static void CreateNewRenderObject(Color color, const Mesh& mesh);
+
         private:
             // === Internal helper structs === //
 
+            struct RenderObject
+            {
+                VkBuffer VertexBuffer{};
+                VkDeviceMemory VertexBufferMemory{};
+
+                VkBuffer IndexBuffer{};
+                VkDeviceMemory IndexBufferMemory{};
+
+                Color DrawColor;
+
+                uint32_t IndexCount{};
+            };
+
             struct QueueFamilyIndices
             {
                 static constexpr uint32_t UNDEFINED_UINT32_VALUE = 0xFFFFFFFF;
@@ -113,11 +132,18 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
                 std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
             };
 
+            struct BufferCreationInfo
+            {
+                VkDeviceSize size;
+                VkBufferUsageFlags usage;
+                VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties;
+            };
+
             // === Vulkan init helpers === //
 
-            static bool IsDeviceSuitable(const VkPhysicalDevice& device);
-            static QueueFamilyIndices FindQueueFamilies(const VkPhysicalDevice& device);
-            static bool CheckDeviceExtensionSupport(const VkPhysicalDevice& device);
+            static bool IsDeviceSuitable(VulkanHandle device);
+            static QueueFamilyIndices FindQueueFamilies(VulkanHandle device);
+            static bool CheckDeviceExtensionSupport(VulkanHandle device);
 
             static SwapChainSupportDetails QuerySwapChainSupport();
             static VkSurfaceFormatKHR ChooseSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats);
@@ -132,6 +158,14 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
 
             static void RecreateSwapChain(GLFWwindow* window);
             static void CleanupSwapChain();
+            static VkResult RecordCommandBuffer(uint32_t imageIndex);
+
+            static uint32_t FindMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties);
+            static void CreateBuffer(VkBuffer& buffer, VkDeviceMemory& memory, const BufferCreationInfo& info);
+
+            // === Custom resources === //
+
+            static std::vector<RenderObject> s_RenderObjects;
 
             // === Vulkan resources === //
 

src/managers/vulkan/VulkanManagerInit.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,31 @@
 #include "VulkanManager.h"
 
+#ifdef PB_DEBUG
+
+static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL VulkanErrorDebugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* data, void*)
+{
+    static std::set<int32_t> seenErrors;
+    if (seenErrors.contains(data->messageIdNumber))
+        return VK_FALSE;
+
+    seenErrors.insert(data->messageIdNumber);
+
+    std::cout << "\nVULKAN ERROR [" << data->pMessageIdName << "]: \n" << data->pMessage << "\n" << std::endl;
+    return VK_FALSE;
+}
+
+static VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT gDebugMessenger;
+
+#endif // PB_DEBUG
+
 namespace PB::Renderer
 {
+    // === Custom resources === //
+
+    std::vector<VulkanManager::RenderObject> VulkanManager::s_RenderObjects = {};
+
+    // === Vulkan Resources === //
+
     VkInstance VulkanManager::s_Instance = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     VkSurfaceKHR VulkanManager::s_Surface = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 
@@ -33,6 +57,8 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
 
     bool VulkanManager::Init(GLFWwindow* window)
     {
+        std::cout << "Initializing Vulkan with [" << MODE_NAME << "] profile" << std::endl;
+
         return
             CreateInstance()             &&
             CreateSurface(window)        &&
@@ -49,6 +75,15 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
 
     bool VulkanManager::Cleanup()
     {
+        for (const RenderObject& object : s_RenderObjects)
+        {
+            vkDestroyBuffer(s_Device, object.IndexBuffer, nullptr);
+            vkDestroyBuffer(s_Device, object.VertexBuffer, nullptr);
+
+            vkFreeMemory(s_Device, object.IndexBufferMemory, nullptr);
+            vkFreeMemory(s_Device, object.VertexBufferMemory, nullptr);
+        }
+
         if (s_Device != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
             vkDeviceWaitIdle(s_Device);
 
@@ -85,6 +120,16 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         if (s_Surface != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
             vkDestroySurfaceKHR(s_Instance, s_Surface, nullptr);
 
+        #ifdef PB_DEBUG
+
+        if (gDebugMessenger != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+        {
+            if (const auto func = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT>(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(s_Instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT")); func != nullptr)
+                func(s_Instance, gDebugMessenger, nullptr);
+        }
+
+        #endif // PB_DEBUG
+
         if (s_Instance != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
             vkDestroyInstance(s_Instance, nullptr);
 
@@ -102,27 +147,68 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
         appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_3;
 
-        VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo;
+        VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};
         createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
         createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
         createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;
+
+        if constexpr (DEBUG_MODE)
+        {
+            static const std::vector LAYERS =
+            {
+                "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation",
+            };
+
+            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = LAYERS.size();
+            createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = LAYERS.data();
+        }
+
+        else
+        {
             createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
             createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = nullptr;
+        }
 
-        /* Imports GLFW extensions */
+        /* Imports extensions */
         uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
         const char** glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);
-        createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = glfwExtensionCount;
-        createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = glfwExtensions;
+
+        std::vector extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
+        if constexpr (DEBUG_MODE)
+        {
+            extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        }
+
+        createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = extensions.size();
+        createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();
 
         /* Creates the Vulkan instance */
         VkInstance instance;
-        if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS)
+        if (const VkResult result = vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance); result != VK_SUCCESS)
         {
-            std::cout << "PB::Renderer::VulkanManager::Init(): Could not create Vulkan instance" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "PB::Renderer::VulkanManager::Init(): Could not create Vulkan instance: [" << result << "]" << std::endl;
             return false;
         }
 
+        /* Adds a debug messenger */
+        #ifdef PB_DEBUG
+
+        VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo;
+        debugCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
+        debugCreateInfo.messageSeverity =
+            VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
+            VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
+        debugCreateInfo.messageType =
+            VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
+            VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
+            VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
+        debugCreateInfo.pfnUserCallback = VulkanErrorDebugCallback;
+
+        if (const auto func = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT>(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT")); func != nullptr)
+            func(instance, &debugCreateInfo, nullptr, &gDebugMessenger);
+
+        #endif // PB_DEBUG
+
         s_Instance = instance;
         return true;
     }
@@ -173,7 +259,7 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         return false;
     }
 
-    bool VulkanManager::IsDeviceSuitable(const VkPhysicalDevice& device)
+    bool VulkanManager::IsDeviceSuitable(VulkanHandle device)
     {
         const QueueFamilyIndices indices = FindQueueFamilies(device);
 
@@ -195,7 +281,7 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         return indices.Complete() && swapChainAdequate && discreteGPU;
     }
 
-    VulkanManager::QueueFamilyIndices VulkanManager::FindQueueFamilies(const VkPhysicalDevice& device)
+    VulkanManager::QueueFamilyIndices VulkanManager::FindQueueFamilies(VulkanHandle device)
     {
         QueueFamilyIndices indices;
 
@@ -230,7 +316,7 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         return indices;
     }
 
-    bool VulkanManager::CheckDeviceExtensionSupport(const VkPhysicalDevice& device)
+    bool VulkanManager::CheckDeviceExtensionSupport(VulkanHandle device)
     {
         const std::vector REQUIRED_EXTENSIONS = {
             VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME,
@@ -555,10 +641,30 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
 
         VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo };
 
+        struct Vertex { float pos[2]; };
+
+        // Binding description
+        VkVertexInputBindingDescription binding{};
+        binding.binding = 0;
+        binding.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
+        binding.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;
+
+        // Attribute description
+        VkVertexInputAttributeDescription attribute{};
+        attribute.location = 0;                     // matches layout(location = 0)
+        attribute.binding = 0;
+        attribute.format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT; // vec2
+        attribute.offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);
+
+        VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescriptions[] = { binding };
+        VkVertexInputAttributeDescription attributeDescriptions[] = { attribute };
+
         VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{};
         vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
-        vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 0;
-        vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 0;
+        vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
+        vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = bindingDescriptions;
+        vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 1;
+        vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions;
 
         VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{};
         inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
@@ -600,7 +706,8 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
 
         VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};
-        colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT
+        colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask =
+              VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT
             | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT
             | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT
             | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
@@ -612,12 +719,23 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
         colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
 
+        VkPushConstantRange range{};
+        range.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
+        range.offset = 0;
+        range.size = sizeof(Color); // TEMPORARY
+
         VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{};
         pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
+        pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 0;
+        pipelineLayoutInfo.pNext = nullptr;
+
+        pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 1;
+        pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = &range;
+
 
         if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(s_Device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &s_PipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS)
         {
-            std::cout << "PB::Renderer::VulkanManager::CreateGraphicsPipeline(): Could not make pipeline layout" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "PB::VulkanManager::CreateGraphicsPipeline(): Failed to create pipeline layout\n";
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -625,19 +743,21 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
         pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
         pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
+
         pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
         pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
         pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
         pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
         pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState  = &multisampling;
         pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState   = &colorBlending;
+
         pipelineInfo.layout = s_PipelineLayout;
         pipelineInfo.renderPass = s_RenderPass;
         pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
 
         if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(s_Device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &s_RenderPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS)
         {
-            std::cout << "PB::Renderer::VulkanManager::CreateGraphicsPipeline(): Could not make graphics pipeline" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "PB::VulkanManager::CreateGraphicsPipeline(): Failed to create graphics pipeline\n";
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -703,39 +823,6 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
             return false;
         }
 
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < s_CommandBuffers.size(); i++)
-        {
-            VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
-            beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
-
-            vkBeginCommandBuffer(s_CommandBuffers[i], &beginInfo);
-
-            VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
-            renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
-            renderPassInfo.renderPass = s_RenderPass;
-            renderPassInfo.framebuffer = s_Framebuffers[i];
-            renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
-            renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = s_SwapChainExtent;
-
-            VkClearValue clearColor = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
-            renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
-            renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;
-
-            vkCmdBeginRenderPass(s_CommandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
-
-            vkCmdBindPipeline(s_CommandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, s_RenderPipeline);
-
-            vkCmdDraw(s_CommandBuffers[i], 3, 1, 0, 0);
-
-            vkCmdEndRenderPass(s_CommandBuffers[i]);
-
-            if (vkEndCommandBuffer(s_CommandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS)
-            {
-                std::cout << "PB::Renderer::VulkanManager::CreateCommandBuffers(): Could not end command buffer" << std::endl;
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
         return true;
     }
 

src/managers/vulkan/VulkanManagerRender.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "VulkanManager.h"
+#include "../../Mesh.h"
 
 #define CHECK_RESULT(res) if (res != VK_SUCCESS) { return res; }
 
@@ -18,6 +19,36 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         }
     }
 
+    void VulkanManager::CreateNewRenderObject(const Color color, const Mesh& mesh)
+    {
+        RenderObject obj{};
+        obj.IndexCount = mesh.indices.size();
+        obj.DrawColor = color;
+
+        BufferCreationInfo vertexCreationInfo{};
+        vertexCreationInfo.size = mesh.vertices.size() * sizeof(float);;
+        vertexCreationInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
+        vertexCreationInfo.properties = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT;
+        CreateBuffer(obj.VertexBuffer, obj.VertexBufferMemory, vertexCreationInfo);
+
+        void* data;
+        vkMapMemory(s_Device, obj.VertexBufferMemory, 0, mesh.vertices.size() * sizeof(float), 0, &data);
+        std::memcpy(data, mesh.vertices.data(), mesh.vertices.size() * sizeof(float));
+        vkUnmapMemory(s_Device, obj.VertexBufferMemory);
+
+        BufferCreationInfo indexCreationInfo{};
+        indexCreationInfo.size = mesh.indices.size() * sizeof(uint32_t);
+        indexCreationInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT;
+        indexCreationInfo.properties = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT;
+        CreateBuffer(obj.IndexBuffer, obj.IndexBufferMemory, indexCreationInfo);
+
+        vkMapMemory(s_Device, obj.IndexBufferMemory, 0, mesh.indices.size() * sizeof(uint32_t), 0, &data);
+        std::memcpy(data, mesh.indices.data(), mesh.indices.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        vkUnmapMemory(s_Device, obj.IndexBufferMemory);
+
+        s_RenderObjects.push_back(obj);
+    }
+
     void VulkanManager::RecreateSwapChain(GLFWwindow* window)
     {
         int width, height;
@@ -64,6 +95,54 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         vkDestroySwapchainKHR(s_Device, s_SwapChain, nullptr);
     }
 
+    VkResult VulkanManager::RecordCommandBuffer(const uint32_t imageIndex)
+    {
+        VkResult result = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+        const VkCommandBuffer& cmd = s_CommandBuffers[imageIndex];
+        VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
+        beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
+        beginInfo.flags = 0;
+        beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr;
+
+        result = vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd, &beginInfo);
+        CHECK_RESULT(result);
+
+        VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
+        renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
+        renderPassInfo.renderPass = s_RenderPass;
+        renderPassInfo.framebuffer = s_Framebuffers[imageIndex];
+        renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 };
+        renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = s_SwapChainExtent;
+
+        VkClearValue clearValue[2];
+        clearValue[0].color = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
+        clearValue[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };
+
+        renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 2;
+        renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValue;
+
+        vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cmd, &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+        vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, s_RenderPipeline);
+
+        for (const auto& renderObject : s_RenderObjects)
+        {
+            VkBuffer vertexBuffer = { renderObject.VertexBuffer };
+            constexpr VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
+
+            vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmd, 0, 1, &vertexBuffer, offsets);
+            vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cmd, renderObject.IndexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
+            vkCmdPushConstants(cmd, s_PipelineLayout, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 0, sizeof(Color), &renderObject.DrawColor);
+
+            vkCmdDrawIndexed(cmd, renderObject.IndexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+        }
+
+        vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmd);
+        result = vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
     VkResult VulkanManager::RenderPassInternal()
     {
         uint32_t imageIndex;
@@ -77,6 +156,9 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         );
         CHECK_RESULT(result);
 
+        result = RecordCommandBuffer(imageIndex);
+        CHECK_RESULT(result);
+
         VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
         submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
 
@@ -112,4 +194,43 @@ namespace PB::Renderer
         vkQueueWaitIdle(s_PresentQueue);
         return VK_SUCCESS;
     }
+
+    uint32_t VulkanManager::FindMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties)
+    {
+        VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(s_PhysicalDevice, &memProperties);
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++)
+        {
+            bool typeSupported = (typeFilter & (1 << i)) != 0;
+            bool hasProperties = (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties;
+
+            if (typeSupported && hasProperties)
+                return i;
+        }
+
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    void VulkanManager::CreateBuffer(VkBuffer& buffer, VkDeviceMemory& memory, const BufferCreationInfo& info)
+    {
+        VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
+        bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
+        bufferInfo.size = info.size;
+        bufferInfo.usage = info.usage;
+        bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+
+        vkCreateBuffer(s_Device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer);
+
+        VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
+        vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(s_Device, buffer, &memRequirements);
+
+        VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
+        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+        allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
+        allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = FindMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, info.properties);
+
+        vkAllocateMemory(s_Device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &memory);
+        vkBindBufferMemory(s_Device, buffer, memory, 0);
+    }
 }